Abstract

Climate change represents one of the most significant threats to global agricultural productivity and food security in the 21st century. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are fundamentally altering agricultural systems worldwide. This review examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on crop productivity, analyzing both direct and indirect effects on major food crops. While some regions may experience temporary productivity gains due to CO₂ fertilization and extended growing seasons, the overall global impact is projected to be negative, with yield reductions of 10-25% by 2050 for major cereals. Understanding these impacts and developing effective adaptation strategies is crucial for ensuring food security for the projected 9.7 billion global population by 2050.