The global energy landscape is undergoing a fundamental transformation as societies grapple with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel dependence and seek sustainable alternatives to meet growing energy demands. This comprehensive study examines the comparative advantages and disadvantages of renewable and non-renewable energy sources across multiple dimensions including environmental impact, economic viability, technological maturity, and social implications. Through systematic analysis of current literature and empirical data, this research evaluates the potential of renewable energy technologies to replace conventional fossil fuels while addressing climate change mitigation and energy security concerns. The study reveals that while renewable energy sources offer significant environmental benefits and declining costs, challenges remain in terms of intermittency, storage requirements, and infrastructure transformation needs. Non-renewable sources continue to dominate global energy supply due to established infrastructure, energy density advantages, and reliability factors, despite their substantial environmental costs. The findings indicate that a successful energy transition requires integrated approaches combining technological innovation, policy support, economic incentives, and social acceptance to overcome existing barriers and achieve sustainable energy systems.