Abstract

Biodegradable electronics represent a transformative approach to reducing electronic waste (e-waste) and its environmental impact by developing devices that naturally decompose into non-toxic byproducts after their functional lifespan. Traditional electronic devices rely on plastics, heavy metals, and non-biodegradable materials, which persist in the environment for decades, contributing to pollution and resource depletion. In contrast, biodegradable electronics utilize materials such as cellulose, silk proteins, magnesium, and biodegradable polymers, enabling sustainable production without sacrificing functionality. These devices can be designed for a range of applications, from medical implants that dissolve after treatment to disposable environmental sensors that monitor soil or water quality without requiring retrieval. Advances in organic semiconductors, transient electronics, and eco-friendly conductive inks have paved the way for flexible, low-power, and cost-effective biodegradable devices. Manufacturing innovations, including additive printing techniques and green fabrication processes, further minimize energy use and chemical waste. The adoption of biodegradable electronics also aligns with circular economy principles, where materials are recovered and reused or safely reintegrated into natural ecosystems. Challenges to large-scale deployment include ensuring performance reliability, extending operational lifetimes for specific use cases, and developing scalable production methods. Policy support, consumer awareness, and cross-sector collaboration will be critical to accelerate commercialization. As technology progresses, biodegradable electronics have the potential to revolutionize consumer electronics, medical technology, and environmental monitoring—paving the way toward a greener, more sustainable future.